Introduction:
There are four theories in the stages of personality development according to which each individual has his own inner world and feel about it. Each person has his own set of feelings, emotions, and effects. Personality development is the process of changing a person's way of interacting with the environment and other people from birth to 18 years old by helping him or her grow up through an individual's life cycle or stages. The main goal of these theories is to understand assessing human emotional traits or psychological orientation.
Theories of personality development can be traced back to Freud and Jung. The theories of these men have helped shape the way we approach personality. Freud's theory is often viewed as one that focuses on the first stage of personality development. This refers to the infantile stage, where children learn essential skills needed for survival such as how to interact with other people, and how to make decisions on what to do with their own life. While this is true, there are many other stages of personality development that help better explain how human beings actually develop along their own timeline.
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
The psychoanalytic theory states that personality development occurs as a result of the interaction between biological factors, including genes and hormones, and social and cultural experiences. This theory also suggests that personality is formed through interactions with other people during childhood. As a result, the individual's personality can be influenced by their environment in an attempt to adapt to their environment.
The psychoanalytic theory of personality development suggests that personality is not fixed or unchanging from birth. The individual's personality develops through the process of individuation, which involves the integration of different parts into one whole person. The individual's self-concept (the way they view themselves) develops over time as they go through life experiences that shape their personality.
The psychoanalytic theory of personality development is based on the notion that personality is shaped by the environment in which one forms. The major concern of this theory is the development of the self and its parts, including feelings, thoughts, and behavior. The psychoanalyst Ferenczi (1910) proposed a model of the development of personality through three stages: oral (birth to age 4), anal (age 4 to 7), and phallic (age 7 to puberty).
The oral stage refers to the period when children are learning to communicate with their caregivers. The child's communication with his or her parents involves both verbal and nonverbal communication. During this stage, children are developing a sense of identity separate from their parents; they are also beginning to develop an understanding of themselves as separate beings from other people.
2. Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory that focuses on the behavior of organisms. It was developed by John B. Watson. Behaviorism believes that all behavior can be explained by reinforcement (the consequence) and punishment (the consequence of not doing something). This theory assumes that humans are motivated by the same kinds of rewards and punishments as other animals and that these are the key to understanding human behavior.
This approach to psychology was largely abandoned by Freudians, who believed there were different motivations for different behaviors; what seems like a random act may have another explanation based on the individual's history or unconscious desires. Behaviorists believe that people learn through trial and error or through imitation, so they focus on observable behavior rather than thoughts or emotions.
Behaviorism is a theory of personality that states that human behavior is driven by consequences. Behaviorists believe that the environment determines behavior. They believe that humans are controlled by their environment, which determines what they do and how they behave.
According to behaviorism, people learn through consequences. If something happens and a person responds in a certain way, then that response becomes tied to the situation and causes them to react in the same way in other situations.
This type of learning is called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns something through association with another stimulus (e.g., seeing red after hearing a bell). This type of learning is called Pavlovian conditioning because it was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, who observed dogs salivating in response to food being presented at random intervals (Sternberg & Wagner, 1998).
3. Trait Theory
Trait theory is a theoretical approach to personality that focuses on the underlying characteristics of individuals. Traits are generally referred to as stable personality traits, and they are characterized by their consistency in different contexts.
According to trait theory, there are four stages of personality development:
1) The infantile stage (0-1 year or until the child reaches two years old). This stage is characterized by an immature personality with little awareness of the world around them.
2) The toddler/preschool stage (2-4 years old). During this time, children begin to develop independence and become more aware of themselves and others.
3) The school-age/adolescent stage (5-12 years old). In this stage, children become more self-aware but still have not reached full maturity.
4) The adult stage (13+ years old). In this final stage, people have begun to establish their own identities and become more confident in themselves.
4. Humanistic Theory
The humanistic theory is based on the assumption that the individual can be understood as a whole, and that all individuals have the same basic needs and desires.
This theory focuses on the individual's ability to grow and change in response to his or her environment. The humanistic theory believes that people are responsible for their own actions, values, and beliefs. People should be encouraged to be aware of their feelings and thoughts, accept themselves, and choose what is best for them.
The humanistic theory does not assume that everyone will follow a similar path through life; rather it focuses on helping each person find meaning in their lives by following their own unique interests and values. This approach is especially important for children because it teaches them how to make choices without being influenced by other people's ideas or expectations of them.
The humanistic theory of personality development is a theory that focuses on the individual, and the ways in which they develop throughout life. It is based on the idea that people are born with certain personality traits, but these are modified by their environment and experiences over time.
The humanistic theory states that human beings have an internal drive to grow and develop throughout their lives. This inherent drive can be described as a need for self-actualization or personal growth. Human beings are said to have four basic needs:
1) The need to belong, which includes the desire to be accepted and valued by others, as well as an interest in identifying with a group or community.
2) The need for love and affection, which includes feelings of warmth and closeness towards other people.
3) The need for achievement, which involves a desire to succeed in life through hard work and effort.
4) The need for personal growth, which involves a desire to achieve a greater understanding of oneself through introspection or self-exploration (Kelman & Aronson, 2003).
Conclusion:
The four theories in the stages of personality development are Psychoanalytic theory- which focuses on the recognition that personality is shaped through our interactions with the environment, and focuses on childhood experiences to help explain behavior and Humanistic theory- which believes that people develop as a balance between nature and nurture and is based on self-actualization and how it relates to motivation, Social learning theory- which is based on how individuals develop through key stages such as consequences, modeling, observational learning and behavioral, and Cognitive theory- which suggests that human behavior is a result of the process of acquiring new knowledge.
Adler's theory exists to motivate people to form relationships and to allow them to have a social life. Adler believed that people have "guiding fictions" of what they think will make them happy and form their goals. The guiding fiction consists of the goal, the interest in that goal, and the way they strive toward it. Murray believed that there are 4 stages in personality development: 1st stage- children cannot do much besides play, 2nd stage- children are interested in relationships, 3rd stage- children become independent and want to know the truth and feel powerful, 4th stage- adults realize their wisdom and accept facts as facts and learn from others.
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